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{{DISPLAYTITLE:케다르의 신들}}<languages /> == 개요 == 케다르(Qedar)는 기원전 8~5세기 사이 존재했던 부족 혹은 부족들의 연맹입니다. 이들에 대해 알려진 것은 많지 않으나, 아랍 역사에서 최초로 혈연 기반 부족을 능가한 정체를 만든 사례일 수도 있습니다. 이 정체는 종교적인 순례와 숭배의 중심지, 여러 부족들이 성지로 여긴 아라비아 반도 북부의 두마트(Dumat)를 중심으로 형성되었습니다. 두마트는 케다르 연맹의 정치-종교적 수도가 되었습니다. 이후 [//syriaphotoguide.com/sia-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B9/ 시아'], [//www.wmf.org/project/khirbet-et-tannur 키르벳 엣 탄누르], 메카, 페트라 등 다른 순례의 중심지도 형성되었습니다. 두마트에서 숭배된 신들의 이름은 기원전 7세기 유물 [//www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1929-1012-1 에사르하돈 육각형 비석]에 나와 있습니다. ''그(케다르의 왕)은 나에게 신들을 돌려줄 것을 간청하였고, 짐은 그에게 자비를 베풀어 아타르사마인(Atarsamain) 신과 다이(Dai) 신과 누하이(Nuhai) 신과 룰다이우(Ruldaiu) 신과 아비릴루(Abirillu) 신과 아타르쿠루마(Atarkuruma) 신, 아랍인들의 신들, 그분들의 파괴된 [신상들]을 복구하여 나의 주군이신 아슈르(Ashur) 신의 권능과 내 이름 글자를 적어 돌려보내 주었다.'' 아카드어로 축약된 음운 탓에 이들 신들의 이름이 음역되는 과정에서 정보 손실이 발생하였습니다. 그렇기에 원래의 아랍어 이름들을 재구성하는 것은 어렵고 오류가 잦은 일입니다. == 내용 == 아타르사마인의 숭배는 나바테아를 제외한 여럿 아랍 부족에 널리 퍼져 있었습니다. 이제부터 더 정확한 아랍어 이름 앗타르트 사마이(ʿAṯtart Samay عثترة السمي/السماء)로 소개될 아타르사마인("천상의 샛별" عثتر سمين)은 금성과 연관되어 있습니다. 몇몇 학자들은 앗타르트 사마이와 알라트(Allat)를 연결시키지만. 이 가설에는 문제가 있으니, 헬레니즘의 영향 아래 알라트는 아프로디테/베누스가 아닌 아테나/미네르바와 동일시되었기 때문입니다. 그렇지만 헬레니즘 시대 이전, 헤로도토스가 그녀와 아프로디테를 동일시한 기록이 있습니다:''"그들(아랍인들)은 디오니소스와 천상의 아프로디테 이외에는 어느 신도 믿지 않는다. 그들은 디오니소스를 오롯탈트로, 아프로디테를 알라트로 부른다."''([//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D3&force=y#note-link4 역사, 3권]) 헤로도투스는 또한 아스타르테를 천상의 아프로디테와 연결시키며 이렇게 서술하였습니다: "위대한 여신(천상과 지상의 어머니)은 동방에서 여럿 이름으로 숭배된다. 아시리아에서는 마일리타, 페니키아에서는 아스타르테, 그리고 그리스인들에 의해서는 천상의 아프로디테 혹은 간단하게 천상의 여신으로." (역사, 1권) 알라트가 아스타르테, 그러므로 천상의 아프로디테와 동일시된 흔적은 팔미라에서 발견할 수 있는데, 그 도시의 아랍인들이 그들의 수호신의 이름으로 알라트와 아스타르테/이슈타르 둘 다를 사용하였기 때문입니다. 아랍인들이 금성의 신을 숭배하였다는 사실은 성 예로니모의 저작에서 성 힐라리오가 "도시의 모든 주민들이 엄숙한 축제를 위해 베누스 신전에 모인 그 날에 엘루사에 도착했다. 사라센인들은 이 여신을 금성으로 여기며, 그 민족 전부가 그녀를 숭배한다." 아랍인들은 또한 아지조스/아지즈(Azizos/'Aziz)라고 알려진 남성신을 금성과 결부하여 숭배하였습니다. 율리아누스 황제는 그의 저작 '[//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hymn_to_King_Helios 왕이신 헬리오스에게 바치는 찬가]'에서 아지즈를 아레스와 동일시하였습니다. "한없이 먼 옛날부터 헬리오스에게 봉헌된 도시 에메사의 주민들은 헬리오스를 모니모스(Monimos)와 아지조스로 여긴다. 이암발리쿠스에 따르면, 이는 모니모스는 헤르메스, 아지조스는 아레스임을 뜻한다고 한다. 이 둘은 우리 지상에 많은 축복을 내린 헬리오스의 보좌들이다." 이것으로 헬레니즘 시대에 어째서 알라트가 아프로디테가 아닌 아테나와 동일시되었는지를 설명할 수 있습니다. 아랍인들은 금성의 의인화가 무신의 속성을 가지고 있다고 여겼던 것입니다. 이는 또한 앗타르트 사마이에게 일어난 일을 설명할 수 있습니다. 그녀는 간단하게 "여신"을 뜻하는 알라트로 불려진 것입니다. 두번째로 언급되는 신은 다이(Da'y, [//www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/دأي/ (دأي، أي الغراب)])로, 그 이름의 가장 유력한 뜻은 까마귀입니다. 사바어(Sabaean) 새김글들에서 다이가 인명으로 사용된 경우는 오직 셋만 발견되었으며, [//archive.org/details/ismael-untersuchungen-zur-geschichte-palastinas-und-nordarabiens-im-1.-jahrtausend-v.-chr/page/n47/mode/2up Knauf에 따르면] 조류신입니다. 다이가 인명에 등장한 예로는 hyt'd'y와 whbd'y가 있고, 후자의 경우 또 다른 인명 와브알라트(WahbAllat)와 같은 작명법을 사용하고 있습니다. d'y와 d'yt는 또한 와디 람(Wadi Ramm)의 사파이트어 새김글들에서 발견되었고, 까타반어(Qatabanian) 새김글들에서 아마 씨족명인 d'yn으로 발견되었습니다. 자료의 부족으로 인해, 이 신의 특징을 말하는 것은 힘든 일입니다. 누하(Nuha)는 두마트 근처에서 발견된, 타이마(Tayma)의 것과 흡사한 언어와 문자로 적힌 누하와 다른 신들에 바친 기도문들에서 언급됩니다. 한 기도문은 루다우, 누하, 앗타르트 사마이에게 "구애를 도와"줄 것을 요청하고 있는데, 이들 셋은 모두 아시리아인들에게 케다르의 신들로 알려진 신들입니다. 이들 기도문들의 정확한 연대를 확인할 수는 없으나, 아마 기원전 8세기에서 5세기까지 지속된 케다르의 전성기에 만들어졌을 것입니다. (to be continued) <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Ruldaiu, could be identified with the god Orotalt mentioned by Herodotus. The theory goes that at the time of Herodotus (5th century BC) the ض in Ruldaiu/Ruḍaw was pronounced by Greeks as Rodl which then became Rodal then Rotal and finally Orotalt. Ruḍaw appears together with Allāt in Thamudic B and Safaitic inscriptions. In the latter, Allāt and Ruḍaw appear together as the [//brill.com/view/title/61413 main divinities], invoked more than any other deity, and invoked together frequently. Interestingly, Ruḍaw is absent from Hismaic, Dadanitic and Nabataean inscriptions and is not associated with Allāt in Thamudic B inscriptions, this is perhaps because Allāt was called by Her original name, Athtart Samay. Ruḍaw's identification with Dionysus by Herodotus is a clue to the nature of His cult among the Arabs. According to Herodotus, the Arabian Dionysus had his hair cropped. This is a ceremony performed on bridegrooms in many parts of the Middle East to this day, and it's also well documented among modern Bedouin as an initiation into adulthood. It's likely that the cropping of hair, like circumcision, originally belonged to the rites of puberty, wedding and entrance into adult society. Dionysus was not only the god of wine, there is also a myth about his birth. The story of Dionysus’ second birth from the thigh of Zeus hints at an initiation ritual, and it might have a connection with the Sacred Band of Thebes. This makes the connection between Arabs and Dionysus more understandable and it should be kept in mind that the role of Dionysus as the God of wine isn't a complete picture of his true nature in the 5th century BC. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Ḏušarē was also associated with Dionysus. Knauf assumes that Ruḍaw and Ḏušarē were two names for the same God but Ḏušarē's connection to Dionysus has more to do with Dionysus as a vegetation God while Ruḍaw's/Oratalt's identification with Dionysus has more to do with Dionysus as an initiatory God. Additionally, the two Gods are linked to different locations. Ḏušarē, as the name suggests, was linked to the Shara (Seir) mountain range and was also called the "God of Gaia," Gaia being an area in modern-day Wadi Musa. Dushara was also said to be mn rqm "from Petra," while Ruḍaw [//www.academia.edu/44184108/Al_Jallad_2021_On_the_origins_of_the_god_Ru%E1%B8%8Daw_and_some_remarks_on_the_pre_Islamic_North_Arabian_pantheon was given the epithet] "from Chaldea." Here we seem to have two cults, that of Dushara and Alʿuzza in the core Nabataean area and that of Ruḍaw and Allat. Ruḍaw's cult originated in the southern extremity of Babylon, where Arab settlements are reported in cuneiform sources, and later spread to Dumat. In Dumat, Ruḍaw became associated with ʿAṯtart Samay and understood to be Her father, and the cult further spread around the region, particularly to the Hawran. The astral significance of ʿAṯtart Samay may also imply that Ruḍaw was also astral and some have proposed a connection between Ruḍaw and the divine astral pair ʿZZ/ʿAziz/Azizos and 'RSW/Arsu/MNʿM/Munʿim/Monimos found in Palmyra and Emesa. Here Ruḍaw is identified as Arsu/Munʿim and would be paired with ʿAziz, representing the evening and morning stars respectively. It thus seems that the Arabs were linked to the cults in Syria through the God Ruḍaw as the guardian of ceremonies of initiation and passing from one state to another. The Arabs were also linked to the cults in Mesopotamia with Ruḍaw and Allat paralleling Ishtar and Sin. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The Islamic tradition is ignorant of Ruḍaw's nature. We are told that "Ruḍaw" belonged to the clan of Rabiʿa bin Saʿd of Tamim. Verses are given attributed to a certain Mustawghir of this clan referring his "destruction of Ruḍaw." The importance of Ruḍaw's cult is indirectly stressed by Al-Mustawghir's rage, though the idea of the Muslim tradition being a reliable reference point to inscriptions [//archive.org/details/TheIdeaOfIdolatryByG.R.Hawting/page/n1/mode/2up has been challenged]. We are further told that "some of the narrators" have reported that Ruḍaw was a sanctuary or stele (baeytl). Ruḍaw seems to play no part in the stories about Muhammad or the "jahiliyya" and little can be gleaned from the verses about Ruḍaw's nature. It is not obvious whether "Ruḍaw" in Islamic-period texts refers to a deity, a sanctuary, a statue or even a person. It seems unlikely that Ruḍaw was actually worshipped on the even of Islam and inscriptions in West Arabia written in the centuries prior to Islam show no trace of Ruḍaw's cult and he is not mentioned in the Quran. There is nothing to suggest the survival of Ruḍaw's worship past the 4th century AD. There is, in fact, no evidence of any sort of paganism surviving past the 5th century in the epigraphic record. It is of course possible that Ruḍaw remained venerated among marginal groups who did not write any inscriptions, or none that we've found yet. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The nature and identity of the two remaining Gods of Dumat, Abirillu and Atarkuruma, are difficult to grasp. We don't even know what the name Abirillu looked like in Old Arabic. Knauf has speculated that Abirillu might be a deified king but admits that it's difficult to say anything about them. Atarkuruma might be a second local manifestation of ʿAṯtart Samay. Kuruma might come from quram قَرَم meaning camel calf or qarm قَرْم which refers to a horse that's left to graze freely. Finally, there's qorm قُرْم which is a mangrove tree found in the Arabian Gulf. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ==The Pantheon== * ʿAṯtarsamain/ʿAṯtarsamay/ʿAṯtart Samay: Her name means Morning Star of Heaven and She is associated with the planet Venus. She is more commonly known as Allāt who had a warrior aspect that linked Her with Athena. * Dai/Da'ay: Not much is known about this obscure deity * Nuhai/Nuha/Nuhay: Her name means "wise" or "ultimate" which might allude to some sort of wisdom tradition She is associated with. Nuha is also associated with the sun and is called the "Elevated Sun" or the "Ever-Exalted Sun." * Ruldaiu/Ruḍa/Ruḍay/Ruḍaw: The father of Allāt/ʿAṯtarsamay, the pair form the main divinities of the Safaitic-writers representing the Moon and Venus like Sin and Ishtar in Mesopotamia, which is where His cult originated. * Abrillu: Like Dai, not much is known about this deity * ʿAṯtarkurma/ʿAṯtarquruma: Might be a manifestation of ʿAṯtarsamay </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> == See also == * [[ʿAṯtart]] * [[Ruḍaw]] * [[Nuhē]] * [[The Pantheon of Palmyra]] * [[The Pantheon of Tayma’]] * [[The Pantheon of Petra]] * [[List of Deities]] </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> == Sources == * [//www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1929-1012-1 The Esarhaddon Prism] * [//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D3&force=y#note-link4 Histories, Book 3] * [//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hymn_to_King_Helios Hymn to King Helios] * [//archive.org/details/ismael-untersuchungen-zur-geschichte-palastinas-und-nordarabiens-im-1.-jahrtausend-v.-chr/page/n47/mode/2up Ismael: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas und Nordarabiens im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr by Ernst Axel Knauf] * [//brill.com/view/title/61413 The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia] * [//www.academia.edu/44184108/Al_Jallad_2021_On_the_origins_of_the_god_Ru%E1%B8%8Daw_and_some_remarks_on_the_pre_Islamic_North_Arabian_pantheon Al-Jallad. 2021. On the origins of the god Ruḍaw and some remarks on the pre-Islamic North Arabian pantheon] * [//archive.org/details/TheIdeaOfIdolatryByG.R.Hawting/page/n3/mode/2up The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam From Polemic to History] * [//www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/دأي/ تعريف و معنى دأي في معجم المعاني الجامع] </div>
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